The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) developed the international standards for measuring and defining tall buildings, as outlined below, and is recognized as the arbiter for bestowing designations such as the “World’s Tallest Building.”
The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) developed the international standards for measuring and defining tall buildings, as outlined below, and is recognized as the arbiter for bestowing designations such as the “World’s Tallest Building.” These standards also inform the basis of the world's premier source for accurate, reliable information on tall building data, The Skyscraper Center.
There is no absolute definition of what constitutes a “tall building;” the definition is subjective, considered against one or more of the following categories:
A 14-story building may not be considered a tall building in a high-rise city such as Chicago or Hong Kong, but in a provincial European city or a suburb this may be distinctly taller than the urban norm.
There are numerous buildings that are not particularly high, but are slender enough to give the appearance of a tall building. Conversely, there are numerous big/large-footprint buildings that are quite high, but their size/floor area rules them out of being classed as a tall building.
A building containing technologies which may be attributed as being a product of “tall”. (e.g., specific vertical transport technologies, structural wind bracing as a product of height, etc.).
If a building can be considered as subjectively relevant to one or more of the above categories, then it can be considered a tall building. Although number of floors is a poor indicator of defining a tall building due to the changing floor-to-floor height between differing buildings and functions (e.g., office versus residential usage), a building of 14 or more stories – or more than 50 meters (165 feet) in height – could typically be used as a threshold for a “tall building.”
Tall buildings that achieve significant heights are classed in two additional sub-groups: A “supertall” is a tall building 300 meters (984 feet) or taller, and a “megatall” is a tall building 600 meters (1,968 feet) or taller. As of today, there are 173 supertalls and only 3 megatalls completed globally.
Three height categories are recognized. All categories measure the building from: The level1 of the lowest, significant2, open-air3, pedestrian4 entrance to…
…the architectural top of the building, including spires, but not including antennae, signage, flagpoles or other functional-technical equipment.5 This measurement is the most widely utilized and is employed to define the CTBUH rankings of the “World’s Tallest Buildings.”
The Tallest 10 Buildings in the World according to height to architectural top.
…the finished floor level of the highest occupiable6 floor within the building.
The Tallest 10 Buildings in the World according to height to highest occupied floor.
…to the highest point of the building, irrespective of material or function of the highest element.
The Tallest 10 Buildings in the World according to height to tip.
Example: Official Heights of Willis vs. Petronas Towers
1 Level: finished floor level at threshold of the lowest entrance door.
2 Significant: the entrance should be predominantly above existing or pre-existing grade and permit access to one or more primary uses in the building via elevators, as opposed to ground-floor retail or other uses that solely relate/connect to the immediately adjacent external environment. Thus, entrances via below-grade sunken plazas or similar are not generally recognized. Also note that access to car park and/or ancillary/support areas are not considered significant entrances. HOWEVER, it should be noted that, in cases where the tall building sits on a significant podium, and its direct tower entrance is contained deep within that podium, often at a higher floor level, it may be allowable to take the building height from the pedestrian area immediately surrounding the site, if that pedestrian area is significant, open air and above grade.
3 Open-air: the entrance must be located directly off an external space at that level that is open to air.
4 Pedestrian: refers to common building users or occupants and is intended to exclude service, ancillary, or similar areas.
5 Functional-technical equipment: this is intended to recognize that functional-technical equipment is subject to removal/addition/change as per prevalent technologies, as is often seen in tall buildings (e.g., antennae, signage, wind turbines, etc. are periodically added, shortened, lengthened, removed and/or replaced).
6 Occupiable: this is intended to recognize conditioned space which is designed to be safely and legally occupied by residents, workers, or other building users on a consistent basis. It does not include service or mechanical areas which experience occasional maintenance access, etc.
A single-function tall building is defined as one where 85 percent or more of its total height is dedicated to a single function.
A mixed-use tall building contains two or more functions, where each of the functions occupies a significant proportion7 of the tower’s total space. Support areas, such as car parks and mechanical plant space, do not constitute mixed-use functions. Functions are denoted on CTBUH “Tallest” lists in descending order (e.g., “hotel/office” indicates hotel function above office function).
To be considered a building, at least 50 percent of its height must be occupiable6. Telecommunications or observation towers that do not meet the 50 percent threshold are not eligible for inclusion on CTBUH’s “Tallest” lists.
A building is a single, co-joined building (as opposed to separate buildings in a complex) when 50 percent or more of the total building height is connected. Exceptions to this 50 percent rule can be made in cases where the form of the building creates a coherent arch, creating a singular architectural expression and thus a co-joined building.
Includes all above-ground floors, including the ground floor itself, and significant mezzanine floors / major mechanical plant floors, unless they have a significantly smaller floor area than the major floors below. Mechanical penthouses or plant rooms above the general roof area are not counted.
Note: CTBUH floor counts may differ from other published accounts for several reasons. Examples include: It is common in some regions of the world to exclude certain floor numbers (e.g., 4, 14, 24, etc. in Hong Kong); A building’s owner/marketing team may number floors to meet its own objectives and are not based on the physical floors present in the building.
6 Occupiable: this is intended to recognize conditioned space which is designed to be safely and legally occupied by residents, workers, or other building users on a consistent basis. It does not include service or mechanical areas which experience occasional maintenance access, etc.
7 This “significant proportion” can be judged as 15 percent or greater of either: (1) the total floor area, or (2) the total building height, in terms of number of floors occupied for the function. However, care should be taken in the case of supertall towers. For example a 20-story hotel function as part of a 150-story tower does not comply with the 15 percent rule, though this would clearly constitute mixed-use.
A Proposal must fulfill all the following criteria:
Only projects that have been verified by a credible source (e.g., formal press release, city planning application, etc.) are included as Proposed buildings in CTBUH lists. Due to the changing nature of early-stage designs and client information restrictions, height data for proposals is always considered unconfirmed until the project proceeds into detailed design and construction.
A Vision is a theoretical design concept for a building which either had no intention of being realized, or is at an early stage of development and does not yet satisfy the criteria of a Proposal.
A Competition Entry is a design concept for a building that was submitted to an architectural competition for a real project on a real site. Buildings selected as the competition winner will have the status changed, as appropriate, when the project moves into formal proposal, construction, and completion stages. Concepts not selected as the winning design for the competition shall remain classified as competition entries.
A building is considered Canceled when it was formally proposed, with an intent to proceed, but did not advance to any stage of construction.
A building is Under Construction when site clearing has been completed and foundation/piling work has begun.
A building is Structurally Topped Out when it is under construction and the highest element of the primary structural frame is in place. Architectural features such as parapets, rooftop mechanical screens, or spires may not yet be present.
A building is Architecturally Topped Out when it is under construction, structurally topped out, fully clad8, and the highest finished architectural elements are in place (e.g., including its spires, parapets, etc.).
A Completed building must fulfill all the following criteria:
A project is considered On Hold when construction work has been halted, but there is an intent to complete construction to the original design at a future date.
A project is considered Never Completed when construction work was halted and never resumed. The site may go on to accommodate a new building, different to the original design, that may or may not retain the construction of the partially built structure.
A Proposed Renovation is a plan for a significant change to the function, height, or appearance of an existing building, as opposed to a Building Retrofit which is focused on the upgrade of building systems without significant changes in function, height, or appearance. The status of Proposed Renovation requires a formal design concept created by a full professional design team to be in place, as well as the obtaining of formal planning consent / legal permissions for renovation.10
An existing building is Under Renovation when construction work is currently underway which significantly changes the function, height, or appearance of the building.10
A Renovated Building is a building that has completed the construction phase of a renovation to significantly change its function, height or appearance.10
A project is considered as Under Demolition when controlled end-of-life demolition is underway and the structure has begun reducing in height.
A project is considered as Demolished when it is destroyed through any intended or unintended means – such that the building no longer exists.
8 The omission of cladding panels to allow fixing of a construction hoist or crane while interior fit-out of some building areas is continuing does not affect the status of “fully clad.”
9 The topping out architecturally of a building implies that all structural and finished architectural elements are in place.
10 Renovation works are distinguished separately from: (1) Retrofits, which may involve extensive work to the building, but do not significantly alter the building’s function, height, or appearance; (2) Recladdings, which involve extensive work to the façade of a building, but do not otherwise significantly alter the building’s height or appearance; and (3) Redesigns, which only occur when an under-construction building stops construction, only to resume at a later time following a new design that uses the existing above-ground structure of the never-completed project.
Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning systems are constructed from steel. Note that a building of steel construction with a floor system of concrete planks or concrete slab on top of steel beams is still considered an “all-steel” structure as the concrete elements are not acting as the primary structure.
Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning systems are constructed from concrete which has been cast in place and utilizes steel reinforcement bars and/or steel reinforced concrete which has been precast as individual components and assembled together on-site.
Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning systems are constructed from timber. An all-timber structure may include the use of localized non-timber connections between timber elements. Note that a building of timber construction with a floor system of concrete planks or concrete slab on top of timber beams is still considered an “all-timber” structure as the concrete elements are not acting as the primary structure.
Utilizes distinct systems (e.g., all-steel, all-concrete, all-timber), one on top of the other. For example, a Steel Over Concrete indicates an all-steel structural system located on top of an all-concrete structural system, with the opposite true of Concrete Over Steel.
A combination of two or more materials (e.g., steel, concrete, timber) are used together in the main structural elements. Examples include buildings which utilize: steel columns with a floor system of reinforced concrete beams; a steel frame system with a concrete core; concrete-encased steel columns; concrete-filled steel tubes; etc. Where known, the CTBUH database breaks out the materials used within a composite building’s primary structural elements.
The CTBUH Height and Data Committee was created to establish and, when necessary, refine the official Height Criteria upon which tall buildings are defined and measured. As such, the committee meets on a regular basis to discuss: the latest developments in the tall building industry, possible additions or revisions to the criteria, and occasionally, specific buildings that are particularly complex and which require close evaluation to determine their height and/or categorization in accordance with the established criteria.
To submit an individual building for evaluation or clarification, please complete the form at www.skyscrapercenter.com or contact [email protected].
1 Level: finished floor level at threshold of the lowest entrance door.
2 Significant: the entrance should be predominantly above existing or pre-existing grade and permit access to one or more primary uses in the building via elevators, as opposed to ground-floor retail or other uses that solely relate/connect to the immediately adjacent external environment. Thus, entrances via below-grade sunken plazas or similar are not generally recognized. Also note that access to car park and/or ancillary/support areas are not considered significant entrances. HOWEVER, it should be noted that, in cases where the tall building sits on a significant podium, and its direct tower entrance is contained deep within that podium, often at a higher floor level, it may be allowable to take the building height from the pedestrian area immediately surrounding the site, if that pedestrian area is significant, open air and above grade.
3 Open-air: the entrance must be located directly off an external space at that level that is open to air.
4 Pedestrian: refers to common building users or occupants and is intended to exclude service, ancillary, or similar areas.
5 Functional-technical equipment: this is intended to recognize that functional-technical equipment is subject to removal/addition/change as per prevalent technologies, as is often seen in tall buildings (e.g., antennae, signage, wind turbines, etc. are periodically added, shortened, lengthened, removed and/or replaced).
6 Occupiable: this is intended to recognize conditioned space which is designed to be safely and legally occupied by residents, workers, or other building users on a consistent basis. It does not include service or mechanical areas which experience occasional maintenance access, etc.
7 This “significant proportion” can be judged as 15 percent or greater of either: (1) the total floor area, or (2) the total building height, in terms of number of floors occupied for the function. However, care should be taken in the case of supertall towers. For example a 20-story hotel function as part of a 150-story tower does not comply with the 15 percent rule, though this would clearly constitute mixed-use.
8 The topping out architecturally of a building implies that ALL structural and finished architectural elements are in place.
9 The omission of cladding panels to allow fixing of a construction hoist while interior fit-out of some building areas is continuing does not affect the status of “fully clad.”
10 Renovation works are distinguished separately from: (1) Retrofits, which may involve extensive work to the building, but do not significantly alter the building’s function, height, or appearance; (2) Recladdings, which involve extensive work to the façade of a building, but do not otherwise significantly alter the building’s height or appearance; and (3) Redesigns, which only occur when an under-construction building stops construction, only to resume at a later time following a new design that uses the existing above-ground structure of the never-completed project.
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