The State of Tall Timber: A Global Audit

February 2022

This data study represents the significant recent momentum of the mass-timber movement worldwide. There are now 139 mass timber buildings around the world of eight stories or higher, either complete, under construction or proposed*. The data in this study has been collected over nearly a decade of scholarship, ranging from papers published in the CTBUH Journal; conference presentations; volunteer research committees; and a specific “tall timber” audit undertaken in February 2022. More recently, CTBUH has undertaken several funded research projects exploring the various aspects of mass timber applicable to high-rise buildings (see below).

* A proposal is a building that meets the following CTBUH Tall Building criteria: has a specific site with ownership interests within the building development team; has a full professional design team progressing the design beyond the conceptual stage; has obtained, or is in the process of obtaining, formal planning consent/legal permission for construction; has a full intention to progress to construction and completion

CC Anders Vestergaard Jensen

Future Timber City: An Awareness and Educational Program for Future, Sustainable, Dense Cities

Project years: 2020–2022

Funders:

The Future Potential of Steel-Timber Hybrid Buildings

Project years: 2021–2023

Funders:

CC Thomas Myhre

Timber Rising: Mass Timber Engagement Program

Project years: 2019–2020

Funder:

Overall Evaluation of the Tallest Mass Timber Buildings

To maintain a high level of confidence and consistency across the report, the researchers set a minimum height threshold of eight stories above grade. This yields a total of 139 buildings that are either proposed, under construction or completed.

Tall Mass Timber Projects by Status

Mass timber high-rise buildings worldwide, 8 stories and higher, grouped by project stage, as of February 2022. Total No. = 139.

Tall Mass Timber Projects by Function

Mass timber high-rise buildings worldwide, built or under construction, 8 stories and higher, as of February 2022, grouped by function. Total No. = 84.

Tall Mass Timber Projects by Region

Mass timber high-rise buildings worldwide, 8 stories and higher, built or under construction, as of February 2022, grouped by region. Total No. = 84.

Timeline of Mass Timber Completions

Note: Mass timber high-rise buildings worldwide, built or under construction, 8 stories and higher, as of February 2022. Total No. = 84.

Tallest Mass Timber Buildings

The following is a complete list of mass timber buildings worldwide, eight stories and higher. These buildings are completed or under construction, as of February 2022.

Rank	Name	City	Height (m)	Height (ft)	Floor Count	Structural Type	Function	Status as of Feb. 2022	Year of Completion
1	Ascent	Milwaukee, United States	86.6	284	25	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Residential	Architecturally Topped Out	2022
2	Mjøstårnet	Brumunddal, Norway	85.4	280	18	All-Timber	Mixed-Use	Completed	2019
3	HoHo	Vienna, Austria	84	276	24	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Mixed-use	Completed	2020
4	HAUT	Amsterdam, Netherlands	73	240	22	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Residential	Under Construction	2022
5	Sara Kulturhus	Skellefteå, Sweden	72.8	239	19	Timber-Steel Hybrid	Mixed-use	Completed	2021
6	De Karel Doorman	Rotterdam, Netherlands	70.5	231	22	Timber-Concrete-Steel Hybrid	Mixed-use	Completed	2012
7	55 Southbank	Melbourne, Australia	69.7	229	19	Timber-Concrete-Steel Hybrid	Mixed-use	Completed	2020
= 8	Roots Tower	Hamburg, Germany	65*	213	19	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2024
= 8	Wellington	Melbourne, Australia	65*	65	15	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Office	Under Construction	2023
= 10	Abro	Risch-Rotkreuz, Switzerland	60	197	15	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Mixed-use	Completed	2019
= 10	Kromet	Göteborg, Sweden	60*	197	15	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Mixed-use	Under Construction	2022
12	Brock Commons Tallwood House	Vancouver, Canada	57.9	190	18	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2017
13	Eunoia Junior College	Singapore, Singapore	56	184	12	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Institutional	Completed	2019
14	Hyperion	Bordeaux, France	55	180	16	Timber-Concrete-Steel Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2021
15	Rundeskogen Hus B	Sandnes, Norway	54*	177	16	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2013
16	Albizzia	Lyon, France	53	174	17	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Mixed-use	Under Construction	2023
17	Ngytan Koriayo	Greater Geelong, Australia	52*	171	12	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Office	Under Construction	2022
18	503 on Tenth	Portland, United States	50	164	10	All-Timber	Office	Under Construction	2023
19	Treet	Bergen, Norway	49	161	14	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2015
20	Lighthouse Joensuu	Joensuu, Finland	48	157	14	Timber-Steel Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2019
21	25 King	Brisbane, Australia	46.8	153	11	All-Timber	Office	Completed	2018
22	2150 Keith Drive	Vancouver, Canada	45	148	10	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Office	Under Construction	2022
= 23	Cederhusen	Stockholm, Sweden	44*	144	13	All-Timber	Residential	Under Construction	2023
= 23	Hoas Tuuliniitty	Espoo, Finland	44*	144	13	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2021
= 23	Palazzo Nice Meridia	Nice, France	44*	144	10	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Office	Completed	2019
26	T3 Bayside	Toronto, Canada	42	138	10	All-Timber	Office	Under Construction	2023
27	Tallwood 1 at District 56	Victoria, Canada	41*	137	12	Timber-Steel Hybrid	Residential	Structurally Topped Out	2022
28	Origine	Quebec, Canada	40.9	134	13	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2017
29	T3 Sterling Road Building 5A	Toronto, Canada	39.8	131	8	Timber-Steel Hybrid	Office	Under Construction	2023
30	INTRO Residential Tower	Cleveland, United States	39.6	130	9	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Mixed-use	Architecturally Topped Out	2022
31	77 Wade	Toronto, Canada	38.2	125	8	Timber-Concrete-Steel Hybrid	Office	Under Construction	2022
32	Sensations	Strasbourg, France	38	125	11	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2019
= 33	Rundeskogen Hus C	Sandnes, Norway	37*	121	11	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2013
= 33	Monterey	Brisbane, Australia	37*	121	11	Timber-Concrete-Steel Hybrid	Residential	Under Construction	2022
35	Trafalgar Place	London, United Kingdom	36.3*	119	10	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2015
= 36	Aveo Bella Vista	Sydney, Australia	36	118	11	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2018
= 36	Suurstoffi 22	Risch-Rotkreuz, Switzerland	36	118	10	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Office	Completed	2018
= 38	Green Office ENJOY	Paris, France	35*	115	8	Timber-Concrete-Steel Hybrid	Office	Completed	2018
= 38	Wood and Innovation Design Centre	Prince George, Canada	35*	115	8	All-Timber	Office	Completed	2014
= 38	Opalia	Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, France	35*	115	8	Timber-Concrete-Steel Hybrid	Office	Completed	2017
= 38	Pont de Flandres Batiment 007	Paris, France	35*	115	8	Timber-Concrete-Steel Hybrid	Office	Completed	2019
= 42	Kringsja Studentby	Oslo, Norway	34*	112	10	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2018
= 42	Hotel Jakarta	Amsterdam, Netherlands	34*	112	9	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Hotel	Completed	2018
= 42	Rundeskogen Hus A	Sandnes, Norway	34*	112	10	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2012
= 42	SKAIO	Heilbronn, Germany	34	112	10	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2019
46	Dalston Works	London, United Kingdom	33.8	111	10	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2017
47	The Cube Building	London, United Kingdom	33	108	10	Timber-Concrete-Steel Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2015
48	Forte	Melbourne, Australia	32.2	106	10	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2012
49	Humber College Cultural Hub	Toronto, Canada	31.5	111	8	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Mixed-use	Under Construction	2023
= 50	Botanikern	Uppsala, Sweden	31*	102	9	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2019
= 50	Cenni di Cambiamento	Milan, Italy	31*	102	9	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2013
= 50	Kajstaden	Vasteras, Sweden	31*	102	9	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2019
= 50	Press House	London, United Kingdom	31*	102	9	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2017
= 50	Vallen	Vaxjo, Sweden	31*	102	9	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2015
55	Stadthaus	London, United Kingdom	29	95	9	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2009
56	Carbon12	Portland, United States	29	95	8	Timber-Steel Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2018
57	EDGE Suedkreuz	Berlin, Germany	28.7	94	8	Timber-Concrete-Steel Hybrid	Office	Under Construction	2022
58	Moholt 50/50	Trondheim, Norway	28	92	9	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2016
= 59	Arbora Condominium	Montreal, Canada	27*	89	8	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2019
= 59	Contralaminada	Lleida, Spain	27*	89	8	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2014
= 59	DAS Kelo	Rovaniemi, Finland	27*	89	8	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2019
= 59	Docenten	Vaxjo, Sweden	27*	89	8	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2018
= 59	Dramsvegen	Tromso, Norway	27*	89	8	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2017
= 59	Frostaliden	Skövde, Sweden	27*	89	8	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2018
= 59	Highpoint Terrace	London, United Kingdom	27*	89	8	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2017
= 59	Hotel Nautilus	Pesaro, Italy	27*	89	8	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2017
= 59	Jo & Joe	Gentilly, France	27*	89	8	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2019
= 59	LCT One	Dornbirn, Austria	27	89	8	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Office	Completed	2012
= 59	Limnologen	Vaxjo, Sweden	27*	89	8	Timber-Steel Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2014
= 59	Maskinparken TRE	Trondheim, Norway	27*	89	8	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2018
= 59	Portvakten Söder	Vaxjo, Sweden	27*	89	8	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2009
= 59	Puukuokka Housing Block	Jyvaskyla, Finland	27*	89	8	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2018
= 59	Residences J.Ferry	Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, France	27*	89	8	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2014
= 59	St. Dié-des-Vosges	Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, France	27*	89	8	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2014
= 59	Strandparken	Stockholm, Sweden	27*	89	8	Timber-Steel Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2014
= 59	The Gardens Macarthur	Sydney, Australia	27*	89	8	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2018
= 59	Trummens Strand	Vaxjo, Sweden	27*	89	8	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2019
= 59	Wood City Residential Buildings	Helsinki, Finland	27*	89	8	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2018
= 59	Lucien Cornil Student Residence	Marseille, France	27*	89	8	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2017
= 59	Pentagon I	As, Norway	27*	89	8	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2013
81	Emmons on 3rd	Seattle, United States	26.3	86	8	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Residential	Completed	2014
82	Bridport House	London, United Kingdom	26*	89	8	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2010
83	Holz8	Bad Aibling, Germany	25*	82	8	Timber-Concrete Hybrid	Mixed-use	Completed	2011
84	Pentagon II	As, Norway	24	79	8	All-Timber	Residential	Completed	2013

Note: heights marked with an (*) are estimated, based on the floor count of the building. The estimate has been arrived at by analyzing thousands of other buildings of the same function on the CTBUH database that do have confirmed heights. See the height calculator to learn more. When viewing on mobile, click on the building's rank number (e.g. 5) in the Rank column to see building details.

Evaluation of the Tall Mass Timber Buildings by Structure Type

Tallest All-Timber Buildings, Complete or Under Construction

Tallest Steel-Timber Hybrid Buildings, Complete or Under Construction

Tallest Concrete-Timber Hybrid Buildings, Complete or Under Construction

Tallest Concrete Steel-Timber Hybrid Buildings, Complete or Under Construction

Evaluation of the Tallest Mass Timber Buildings, by Region

Tall Mass Timber Projects, in North America

Tall Mass Timber Projects, in Europe

Tall Mass Timber Projects, in Asia & Australia

Significant Mass Timber Projects, Ordered by Height

Brock Commons Tallwood House, Vancouver, 2017

Tallwood 1 at District 56, Victoria, 2022

Ascent

86.6 m, Milwaukee, 2022

Structural Type: Concrete-Timber Hybrid

Floors: 25

Upon completion, expected in July 2022, Ascent will become the tallest building to utilize mass timber in its primary structure. The incorporation of glulam and CLT elements allowed the natural qualities of wood to be displayed for occupants wherever possible and contributed to the building exceeding Milwaukee's conservation code requirements.

Image © Jason Korb

Mjøstårnet

85.3 m, Brumunddal, 2019

Structural Type: All-Timber

Floors: 18

Mjøstårnet is currently the tallest All-Timber building in the world. The construction process demonstrated that mass timber buildings could reduce the construction timeline and workforce needed, have a limited impact on the surrounding environment, and can be built using local materials, resources, and suppliers.

(cc by-sa) Nina Rundsveen

HoHo

84.0 m, Vienna, 2020

Structural Type: Concrete-Timber Hybrid

Floors: 24

HoHo is currently the tallest Timber-Concrete Hybrid building in the world. During construction planning, the stacking of four prefabricated elements - the columns, beams, deck slabs, and façade - allowed flexibility in internal spaces and the natural aesthetic value of timber to be highlighted.

Image (cc by-sa) DERFRITZ - Forograf

Haut

84.0 m, Amsterdam, 2022

Structural Type: Timber-Concrete Hybrid

Floors: 22

Set to be the tallest timber residence in the Netherlands, HAUT is able to achieve its BREEAM Outstanding label in-part through its use of structural timber, efficient façades, and recycled materials. The use of timber also allows for flexibility of space, with the residence buyers able to select unit size, number of floors, and location of rooms and outdoor spaces.

Image © Jannes Linders

Sara Kulturhus

84.0 m, Skellefteå, 2021

Structural Type: Timber-Steel Hybrid

Floors: 20

Programmed as a hotel built above a cultural center, Sara Kulturhus includes art galleries, a library, conference space, and a performance art space. In order to meet the demand for open, flexible space in the cultural center, the design incorporates foldable walls, and the large spans are achieved with glulam and steel trusses.

Image © White Arkitekter | Visit Skellefteå

De Karel Doorman

70.5 m, Rotterdam, 2012

Structural Type: Timber-Concrete-Steel Hybrid

Floors: 22

In order to preserve the Ter Meulen department store and make it economically viable, a 16-floor residential space was built atop the existing structure. In order to meet the strict weight requirements, the building utilizes a wooden floor system, which is about one-fifth of the weight of a conventional, reinforced-concrete structure.

Image © Ossip van Duivenbode

55 Southbank

69.7 m, Melbourne, 2020

Structural Type: Timber-Concrete-Steel Hybrid

Floors: 19

Originally planned as a 6-story vertical expansion atop an existing project, the use of CLT enabled the vertical expansion to increase to 10 floor, due to it's lighter weight. Not only was this a key factor in making the project economically feasible, but it also simplified the construction process and reduced the impact on the highly-trafficked surroundings.

Image © Peter Clarke

Brock Commons Tallwood House

57.9 m, Vancouver, 2017

Structural Type: Timber-Concrete Hybrid

Floors: 18

The wood structure of Brock Commons Tallwood House was completed less than 70 days after the prefabricated components arrived on site, approximately four months faster than a typical project of this size. In addition to construction speed, the prefabricated timber elements also reduced the on-site traffic, pollution, and noise.

Image © Acton Ostry Architects Inc. | University of British Columbia | Michael Elkan

Treet

49.0 m, Bergen, 2015

Structural Type: All-Timber

Floors: 14

Becoming the tallest All-Timber building upon completion, Treet is built to Passive House standards using a series of stacked, apartment-sized, prefabricated building modules, surrounded by the primary load bearing structure. This allowed the erection time of the building to be significantly reduced, with 4 stories able to be constructed in only 3 days.

Image © Rune Abrahamsen

Lighthouse Joensuu

48.0 m, Joensuu, 2019

Structural Type: Timber-Steel Hybrid

Floors: 14

Lighthouse Joensuu is the winning design in a competition that focused on utilizing efficient floor plans, optimized structures, and innovative technologies to address the local demand for high-density student housing. The building is also being used by the Karelia University of Applied Sciences for acoustics tests and research.

Image © Mika Keskisalo

25 King

48.0 m, Brisbane, 2018

Structural Type: All-Timber

Floors: 11

Upon completion, 25 King became the tallest, and largest, mass timber office building. The timber was sourced from certified sustainably-managed forests, and in 2020, 25 King became Queensland's first WELL Core and Shell Platinum Certification building, which assesses building performance and features in relation to health and wellbeing of building occupants.

Tallwood 1 at District 56

48.0 m, Victoria, 2022

Structural Type: Timber-Steel Hybrid

Floors: 12

Tallwood 1 is able to achieve large spans and minimal intrusive beams and columns, through the use of structural steel elements and a point-supported system utilizing CLT panels and glulam columns. Tallwood 1, a multi-family residential building, is being built within the District 56 complex, which also features Terminus, a mass timber commercial office building.

Origine

48.0 m, Quebec, 2017

Structural Type: All-Timber

Floors: 13

Becoming the tallest timber structure in eastern North America when completed, the structure of Origine only took 4 months to erect. In order to meet Quebec Construction Code requirements, two years of research and development was conducted, which proved the timber structure would meet similar fire-resistive properties to other conventional materials.

Aveo Bella Vista

36.0 m, Sydney, 2018

Structural Type: Timber-Concrete Hybrid

Floors: 11

Original envisioned as a conventional construction, Aveo Bella Vista was constructed with CLT to meet schedule demands, which enabled the contractors to complete the project 13 weeks earlier than a similar concrete project.

SKAIO

34.0 m, Heilbronn, 2019

Structural Type: Timber-Concrete Hybrid

Floors: 10

SKAIO was built to show timber as a viable structural material when used in tandem with other materials. The timber columns and floorplates are a lightweight, sustainable building material that meets weight and acoustic requirements; the concrete core provides necessary building stiffness; and the aluminum façade was cost-effective and requires minimal maintenance.

Dalston Works

33.8 m, London, 2017

Structural Type: All-Timber

Floors: 10

Hackney, London instituted a “timber first” policy for new construction in 2012. Dalston Works is a response to this policy, and although the exterior walls are clad in brick, the use of a CLT timber structure allowed the number of housing units in the building to increase by 25 percent.

Forte

32.2 m, Melbourne, 2012

Structural Type: All-Timber

Floors: 10

As the first building in Australia to utilize a CLT structure, Forte had to be approved by the Buildings Appeal Board to meet Australia’s National Code. To validate the building’s design and fire safety, the developer conducted a series of custom, full-scale fire tests for every timber assembly utilized in the building.

Stadthaus

29.0 m, London, 2009

Structural Type: All-Timber

Floors: 9

The use of a mass timber structure in Stadthaus saves approximately 23 weeks in construction time, compared to a concrete framed building of as similar size. A concrete building would also use 125,000 kg of carbon, compared to the 185,000 kg stored in Stadthaus' structure, offsetting a total of 310,000 kg of carbon.

Carbon12

29.0 m, Brisbane, 2018

Structural Type: Timber-Steel Hybrid

Floors: 8

Carbon12 was able to circumvent local building codes that limited the height of wood buildings, receiving approval after structural and life safety reviews were conducted by the State of Oregon Building Codes Division. In addition to the timber structure, Carbon12 includes natural daylighting, efficient mechanical systems, rooftop solar panels, and earthquake monitoring and alert systems.

LCT One

27.0 m, Dornbirn, 2012

Structural Type: Timber-Concrete Hybrid

Floors: 8

LCT One is the first project to utilize a modular, prefabricated construction system, which a feasibility study determined fire and structure requirements could be met up to 20 stories. Excluding the offset, concrete core, the modular system allowed the entire structural frame, including air and watertight façades and floors, to be installed in only 8 days.

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